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Sensory Deprivation
Restricted environmental stimulation (REST)
Chamber REST
There are two basic methods of stimulating environment limited treatment (rest): REST and REST flotation chamber. In REST House, the subjects are on a bed in a dark room and good reduction (average 80 dB) for a maximum of 24 hours. Their movement is limited by the experimental protocol, but not by mechanical restraints. Food, beverages and restrooms are provided in the room and are at the discretion of the tester. The subjects were allowed to leave the room before 24 hours are complete, but less than 10% actually do.
Flotation REST
flotation tank with flip top lid open
In REST flotation chamber contains a reservoir or pool. The medium of buoyancy is solution consists of a skin temperature of the water and Epsom salts to a specific gravity which allows the patient supine float without concern for security. In fact, to put everything in the solution requires a deliberate effort AJOR. Less than 5% of test subjects leave before the end of the session duration, which is usually around one hour of rest waterline.
For the first forty minutes, it is possible to experience would itching in various parts of the body (a phenomenon also reported to be common during the early stages of meditation). Last 20 minutes often end with a transition from beta or alpha brainwaves to theta, which typically occur briefly before sleep and again wake. In a float tank the theta state can last for several minutes without losing consciousness about. Some use the extended theta state as a tool for enhanced creativity and problem solving or Superlearning. Spas sometimes float tanks for commercial use in relaxation. treatment of the flotation has been studied school in the United States and Sweden with published results showing the reduction of pain and stress. The relaxed state also involves lower blood pressure and maximal blood flow.
Statistics
Many studies discussed the method is a more efficient process, however, one has explored this statistic. 19 subjects, who all used the room and / or rest flotation to induce relaxation and / or treat smoking, obesity, alcohol consumption or chronic pain were analyzed. The statistic of interest, d is a measure of the size of the effect of treatment. For reference, d = 0.5 is considered a moderate effect and d = 0.8 a large effect. The 19 subjects who underwent REST room was d = 0.53 and 6 subjects showed flotation REST d = 0.33. In addition, when examining subjects to rest and relaxation therapy in conjunction with another method of treatment, there was little difference
The differences between the chamber and flotation REST
Several differences exist between the waterline and REST room. For example, with the presence of a medium in flotation REST, be reduced tactile stimulation while experiencing weightlessness. Furthermore, the addition of Epsom salts to achieve the desired specific gravity can be therapeutic on hypertonic muscles. As one of the main effects of REST room was the resulting state of relaxation, the effects of chamber REST on the excitation are less clear, which can be attributed to the nature of the solution.
Secondly, because of the inherent capital experienced in REST buoyancy (due to not being able to roll over), which can become uncomfortable after several hours, the subject is incapable of knowing the duration of the session REST room, which does not allow the object of experience that changes in attitudes and thoughts that are associated with REST room.
Thirdly, the research questions from each technique are different. Chamber REST issues stems from research that began in the 1950s and explored a variety of questions about the need for stimulation, the nature of the excitation and its relation to external stimulation. The practitioners of exploring its utility in the treatment of major psychiatric dysfunctions such as autism and addiction. In contrast, REST flotation was considered more than a recreational tool, it has been tested over its use with stress disorders, reduce pain and insomnia.
Other uses
The use of rest has been explored to assist in smoking cessation. In studies between 12 months and 5 years, 25% of patients REST the long-term abstinence. REST, when combined with other effective methods of smoking cessation (eg, behavior modification), led to the long-term abstinence 50%. Finally, when combined with weekly support groups, REST, 80% of patients achieving abstinence long term. In comparison, the use of nicotine patch alone a success rate of 5%.
Alcoholism has been the target of the research associated rest. In collaboration with the anti-alcohol education messages, patients who have undergone treatment two hours of rest reduces the consumption of alcohol by 56% in the first two weeks after treatment. The reduction in consumption was maintained during follow-ups conducted 3 and 6 months after the first treatment.
The results of a study conducted by Washington State University are listed in the table below.
Consumption Alcoholic beverages (oz / day)
Before REST
42.7
Immediately after REST
23.3
3 months after REST
16.0
6 months after the REST
12.7
Finally, there has been tested to determine its effect on drug users. At the University of Arizona REST chamber study used as a complement to traditional outpatient substance abuse and found that 43% of patients after 4 years has continued to be sober and drug free. Nobody in the control group remained clean after eight months.
Negative effects
Studies were conducted to test the effect of sensory deprivation on the brain. One study had 19 volunteers, who all tested in the lower and upper 20th percentile questionnaire which measures the tendency of healthy people to see things not really there, and placed in a dark, soundproof booth for 15 minutes. Then they made another test, which measures the psychotic experience that was originally used to study the recreational drug users. Five people have reported seeing hallucinations of faces, six have reported seeing shapes / faces not really there, four have a keen sense of smell and two People have reported the detection of a presence of evil "in the room. Not surprisingly, people who scored lower on the first try experienced less perceptual distortions, however, still reported seeing a variety of delusions and hallucinations.
According to the Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, hallucinations are caused by the brain misidentifying the source of what is being tested, a phenomenon called source monitoring defective.
Jos Padilla
See: Jos Padilla
Jose Padilla at the Navy Consolidated Brig.
Padilla was convicted of aiding terrorists in 2007 and was sentenced to 17 years, four months in prison. Pending trial, reports surface that was tortured to obtain information for the use of sensory deprivation for weeks at a time. For 1307 days, Padilla has been held in a "9 x 7 'cell with no natural light, clock or calendar. When Padilla came out of his cell, he was shackled and fitted with goggles and a heavy helmet. His lawyer argued that while he was questioned Padilla was subjected to harsh lights and sounds fight. During his meeting with his lawyer, they said Padilla with facial tics, random eye movements and contortions of his body unusual. According to them, Padilla became if "broken", he was convinced that his lawyers were part of a continuing interrogation program and saw his captors as protectors.
"Total Isolation"
In January 2008, the BBC aired a Horizon special "total isolation". The premise of the series centered around 6 people who have agreed to be locked in a cell in a nuclear bunker, alone and in darkness. Prior to isolation, the volunteers underwent tests of visual memory, information processing, verbal fluency and suggestibility. Then they spent two days and two nights in isolation. The subjects noted that their inability to time the meaning and hallucinations and visions that they had experienced 48 hours within the cell is very difficult to their minds.
Of the six volunteers, two did well. One woman was convinced his sheets were wet. Three of auditory and visual hallucinations – snakes, oysters, tiny cars and zebras. After 48 hours was complete the same tests were performed. The results indicate that the ability of volunteers to complete simple tasks deteriorated. A memory capacity of the subject has fallen by 36% and all subjects had difficulty thinking of words beginning with the letter "F". The four men (Neither of the women) have increased markedly suggestibility.
"It's really hard to stimulate your brain with no light. I cut. I can feel my brain just not want to do anything. "
Bloom dam, "total isolation"
In popular culture
The "In popular culture" of the article may contain references minor or insignificant. Please rearrange the content to explain the impact on popular culture, rather than the simple listing of appearances, and remove references info. (October 2009)
Literature
The Tom Clancy novel The Cardinal of the Kremlin of using descriptive characteristics of a device for sensory deprivation by the KGB in the brainwashing techniques for cons-espionage.
In the book of George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, sensory deprivation and its effects possibly mind torsion are well described in the second half of the story.
book by Arthur Koestler, Darkness at Noon, describes the practices of sleep deprivation during and between interviews of 1938 the Soviet Union.
In the novel by Larry Niven A Gift from Earth, a sensory deprivation tank is used as a interrogation device in history, it is designated as "the priest coffin.
In H. Beam Piper's novel bit fuzzy, psychologist Society, Dr. Ernst Mallin, used a sensory deprivation tank in a group of fuzzies by determining how different cognitive functioning humans. Each fuzzies in turn entered into a state such as yoga that has overcome the effects of deprivation tank.
In Marvel Comics The clandestine, Dominique Destine, who senses that dwarf even those of Daredevil, when we lived on his homestead, spent his time in an anechoic chamber, a sort of hall of sensory deprivation. He began wearing isolation generator shell, which has created anti-stimulation, as a kind of anechoic chamber Portable.
The Irish author John McGuffin wrote a provocative book, entitled The Guineapigs, documenting the accounts of 14 prisoners cooling Irish political prisoners by the British army over a period of eight days during which they were subjected to extreme sensory deprivation. The accounts are graphic, intense and shocking. The first edition, published in 1974, has sold 20,000 copies and was banned by the British government after one week on the shelves.
Dean Koontz is the door to December is about a father who kidnapped his daughter submit to prolonged periods in a sensory deprivation chamber in order to awaken psychic abilities.
In Dean Koontz's husband, there are some sections on a man who has been subjected to prolonged periods in a room of sensory deprivation, increase learning. The room is called "the room learning.
In the book Psychic Warrior by Robert Doherty, the protagonists are placed in sensory deprivation chambers in preparation for their missions to allow their minds to focus on this "remote".
In the third book The Passion of the fantasy series Dark Visions by Ljane Smith, a sensory deprivation chamber is used for the torture of the protagonist, Kaitlyn Fairchild.
In the 1967 science fiction novel by Philip K. Dick and Ray Nelson The Ganymede takeover, foreign collaborator and psychiatric engineering Rudolph Balkani uses sensory deprivation tank to break the resistance Joan sympathizer Hiashi.
In the book Tales of the pilot Pirx Stanisaw Lem, in the chapter Condition Reflex, the main character is tested known among students as "the bath, in which the subject (the student) must establish completely immersed in a salt water pool, which is heated to a temperature such that it can not feel it more. The subject has a mask on his head, which deprives it of the smell, hearing and sight. Students must remain in the water as long as possible. Any movement or sound made by the student earns points penalty.
In the book Quiller Barracuda by Adam Hall, a description of a rollover is provided by the main character in "Breakthrough".
In the book Maximum Ride: School's Out Forever James Patterson, the main character is stored in a sensory deprivation tank in an attempt to break his spirit.
In the book The Lost Symbol of Dan Brown, Robert Langdon is immersed in a sensory deprivation tank by the main antagonist, Mal'akh. Readers and other characters in the book believe drowned and begins to experience life after death, but later, the truth is revealed that breathing oxygenated liquid.
Planets in Japanese manga, an isolation room is used to examine the mental stability of potential astronauts.
In the Superman movies, books and comicbooks, Superman retreats periodically only to what is called the "Fortress of Solitude" which could be interpreted as a kind of sensory deprivation chamber, or even Psychomantium, for purposes of achieving greater mental focus and clarity in solving problems, or to contact his father for advice.
Film
The Ipcress File (1965), starring Michael Caine, featuring a variation on sensory deprivation in the final scene.
Altered States (1980), starring William Hurt, Blair Brown and Bob Balaban. Based on the novel by Paddy Chayefsky.
In the film of Simon (1980), Alan Arkin, who plays the title role, is placed in a sensory deprivation tank and left for several days by scientists who want to brainwash into believing he is an alien. When he finally came out of the tank, Arkin performs a pantomime which represents the evolution of primordial slime of modern man.
In the movie superhero Daredevil (2003), the eponymous Marvel Comics character, Matt Murdock (Ben Affleck) is sleeping in a sensory deprivation chamber. Due to increased sense of Murdock, the water in the reservoir helps to stifle any sound or touch.
In the movie The Jacket (2005), Adrien Brody is placed in a sensory deprivation tank improvised in the context of its treatment rehabilitation. The reservoir of deprivation is an important plot.
The Mind Benders (1962) With Dirk Bogarde, Mary Ure and John Clements. After suicide of a colleague suspected of being a Soviet spy, Dr. Henry Longman (Bogarde) undergoes sensory deprivation in an attempt to erase behalf of friends.
In the film Shortbus (2006), one of the main characters, Sofia (Sook-Yin Lee) visits a spa with a sensory deprivation tank Severin meet to explore its inability to reach orgasm.
Television
In many TV quiz, participants wear a helmet and listen to music, so they cannot hear good answer before their turn.
In the television series 24, government agents used sensory deprivation as a method of interrogation.
In Family Matters, Steve Urkel is said to have a sensory deprivation tank. States Laura she can hear the sobbing of his sensory deprivation tank.
The 1960s TV show The Twilight Zone featured a episode in which an astronaut spent weeks in an isolated chamber to simulate a trip to the moon, leading to hallucinations.
In the 1968 pilot television series Hawaii Five-O, "Cocoon," Red Chinese agent Wo Fat uses a sensory deprivation chamber to procure information from Officers of the United States.
In the television series Alias starring Jennifer Garner, sensory deprivation has been used on CIA agent Sydney Bristow by the Covenant, so they brainwashed him into believing she was someone she did not.
In the episode The Simpsons "Make way for Lisa, Homer and Lisa go to a specialist in alternative medicine that recommends they spend their time in the tanks sensory deprivation.
Earth TV Series: Final Conflict characteristics of sensory deprivation prisons, where inmates are floating in liquid oxygen, completely deprived of all sensory stimuli.
The use of and reference to a sensory deprivation tank occurred on several early episodes Frasier. He was one of the few hobbies Maris.
In the series Fringe, FBI Agent Olivia Dunham, played by Anna Torv, is placed in a tank to connect the sensory mind with another dying, comatose character. Later, she uses the tank to connect with the memories Other characters who have left an imprint in his mind.
In a season four episode of House ("Head House"), Dr. Gregory House undergoes sensory deprivation while trying to solve a medical mystery.
In the episode "Iso Tank" of the TV series Absolutely Fabulous, Eddie and Patsy are in the tank while iso Eddie dreams of his life with a few twists. At the end of the episode, Eddie gets rid of the tank after learning she is not the only one in Britain that is.
In the anime Serial Experiments Lain, the episode "Protocol" references John C. Lilly and the use of sensory deprivation tanks.
Music
There is a song called "sensory deprivation Adventure" on the Holding A Wolf album by the ears by American metalcore / post-hardcore band From Autumn to Ashes.
Industrial metal band Cyanotic have a song called "deprivation sensory "on their 2005 album Transhuman.
The Who's Tommy tells the story of a boy who was stripped of its meaning because of traumatic event. It then finds its meaning, forms of worship, where people are wearing special glasses that are completely black. They also earplugs and a cork stopper for the mouth. It is that people can understand what he lived.
moe Jam Group rock. have a song called "sensory deprivation Bank" on their album of Fatboy.
See also
Apophenia
Enhanced interrogation techniques
Ganzfeld effect
Ganzfeld experiment
Prisoner Cinema
Dark retirement
References
European Court of Human Rights and in a landmark ruling "v. Ireland United Kingdom "January 18, 1978
Solomon P. et al. (Eds.) (1961) sensory deprivation. Harvard U Press.
Goldberger L. (1966). Experimental isolation: An overview. Am J psy. 122, 774-782.
Zubek, J. (Ed.) (1969). Sensory deprivation: Ffiteen years of research. Appleton Century Crofts.
Notes
^ Donald Olding Hebb, Essay on the mind, Psychological Press, 1980
Sireteanu ^ R, V Oertel, H Mohr, Linden D, Singer W (2008). "Graphical and functional neuroimaging of visual hallucinations during prolonged blindfolding: A comparison of imaging vision "Perception 37 (12) 18051821 DOI: 10.1068/p6034
^ Stuart Grassian psychiatric effects of solitary confinement (PDF)
Grassian psychopathological effects solitary confinement American Journal of Psychiatry Online 1983; 140: 1450-1454
Haney mental health problems long term supermax "isolation and "crime of crimes. 2003 49: 124-156
Daryl Matthews. Duty of physicians to speak to detainees Health, American Medical Association.
Psychosis Karen Franklin segregation
Harold I. Schwartz syndrome, Death Row and the demoralization: Means psychiatric social policy J Am Acad Law End Psychiatry 33:2:153-155 (2005)
^ ABC Suedfeld, Peter (1999). "The health and therapeutic applications of the buoyancy chamber and the environment limited stimulation (REST). The International Journal of Addictions 14: 861888.
^ Kjellgren A, U Sundequist, et al. "Effects of flotation-REST on muscle tension pain. Pain Research and Management 6 (4): 181-9
^ Suedfeld, Peter (1989). "Isolation perceptual, sensory deprivation, and REST: Moving introductory psychology texts of the "1950. Canadian Psychology 30 (1): 1729 ..
^ Ballard, Eric (1986). "Flow of Consciousness in the stimulation the jail. Imagination, Cognition and Personality 5: 219 230.
Wallbaum ^, Andrew (1991). "Progressive muscle relaxation and Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy of chronic tension headache: A pilot study. "International Journal of Psychosomatics 38: 3339.
^ Baker-Brown, G (1987). "Therapy stimulating environment restricts smoking: A parametric study." Addictive Behaviors 12: 263 267.
^ David, Brian (1993). "A brief overview of research on the effectiveness of the jail stimulation as a complementary treatment for a range of behaviorial problems. Health Neurobehvarioral. Neurobehvarioral Health 1: 13.
^ Coren, Susan (1989). "Isolation perceptual sensory deprivation, and REST: Moving text introduction to the psychology of "1950. Canadian Psychology 30 (1): 1729.
^ Mason AB, O (2009). "The effects of sensory deprivation psychotomimetic short term." Journal of nervous and mental disease 197 (10): 783785.
^ Total Isolation. [] Television series. United Kingdom: BBC. 2008.
^ Davis, Alan; The Underground (Vol. 1) # 6.
^ Davis, Alan; illegal (Vol. 2) # 2.
Further reading
Goldberger, L. Experimental Isolation: An Overview. Amer. J. psy., 1966, 122, 774-782.
Heron, W. The pathology of boredom. Sci. Amer 1957, 196, 52-56.
John Lilly, (inventor of the flotation tank), "The deep self: profound relaxation and the tank isolation technique" (See John Lilly also in Flaherty, BE (Ed) Psychophysiological aspects of space flight, Columbia U Press 1961)
Solomon P. et al. (Eds.) (1961) sensory deprivation. Harvard U Press.
Suedfeld, P. (1980). Restricted environmental stimulation: Research and clinical applications. Wiley InterScience.
Zuckerman, M., et al. Experimental and factors determining the subject of responses to the perceptual and social isolation. abnormis J.. Psychol. 1968, 73, 183-194.
Zubek, J. (Ed.) 1969), Sensory deprivation: Fifteen years of research. Appleton Century Crofts.
Numbers by the results of abuse of detainees and report Project Accountability abuse of detainees and Accountability (April 26, 2006).
Categories: Sensory | cognitive science | Experimental Psychology | Psychological torture techniques | Physical torture techniques | Interrogation techniques | Mind Control | BDSMHidden categories: Info Pages section of October 2009 About the Author
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Autism Early Screening Guidelines PART 1 (includes link)
